215 ILCS 5/456 — what it says, and how the exam tests it

215 ILCS 5/456. (from Ch. 73, par. 1065.3) Sec. 456. Making of rates. (1) All rates shall be made in accordance with the following provisions: (a) Due consideration shall be given to past and prospective loss experience within and outside this state, to catastrophe hazards, if any, to a reasonable margin for profit and contingencies, to dividends, savings or unabsorbed premium deposits allowed or returned by companies to their policyholders, members or subscribers, to past and prospective expenses both countrywide and those specially applicable to this state, to underwriting practice and judgment and to all other relevant factors within and outside this state; (b) The systems of expense provisions included in the rates for use by any company or group of companies may differ from those of other companies or groups of companies to reflect the requirements of the operating methods of any such company or group with respect to any kind of insurance, or with respect to any subdivision or combination thereof for which subdivision or combination separate expense provisions are applicable; (c) Risks may be grouped by classifications for the establishment of rates and minimum premiums. Classification rates may be modified to produce rates for individual risks in accordance with rating plans which measure variation in hazards or expense provisions, or both. Such rating plans may measure any differences among risks that have a probable effect upon losses or expenses; (d) Rates shall not be excessive, inadequate or unfairly discriminatory. A rate is excessive if it is likely to produce a profit that is unreasonably high for the insurance provided or if expenses are unreasonably high in relation to the services rendered. A rate is not inadequate unless such rate is clearly insufficient to sustain projected losses and expenses in the class of business to which it applies and the use of such rate has or, if continued, will have the effect of substantially lessening competition or the tendency to create monopoly in any market. Unfair discrimination exists if, after allowing for practical limitations, price differentials fail to reflect equitably the differences in expected losses and expenses. A rate is not unfairly discriminatory because different premiums result for policyholders with like exposures but different expenses, or like expenses but different loss exposures, so…